The HA teacher training programme for the B.Ed. degree in kindergarten education provides solid preparation for work in kindergartens.
The aim is to provide knowledge on the basic aspects of teaching in kindergarten. At the same time, the programme lays the foundation for the skills needed to develop and shape schools, practice research and pursue further studies. In addition to kindergarten studies, the programme offers Icelandic as a second language, providing students with a solid foundation in Icelandic grammar, vocabulary, and syntax, as well as an understanding of Icelandic society and culture.
The emphasis on Icelandic as a second language is designed to provide you with a comprehensive understanding and proficiency in the Icelandic language. The programme covers various aspects of the language, including grammar, vocabulary, listening, speaking, reading, and writing skills. You can expect to develop strong oral and written communication skills in Icelandic, along with a solid foundation in grammar, vocabulary, and syntax. The programme focuses on improving speaking abilities and reading comprehension skills, enabling you to engage confidently in discussions and enhancing your understanding of a wide range of Icelandic texts.
Students need to attend to electronically four mornings or afternoons each week for 2 hours.
You can view the organisation of the programme further down the page and in Ugla, the university's teaching website.
Studying for a B.Ed. degree in teacher education is the first part of a five-year study for an M.Ed. degree, which itself provides the teaching qualification.
Students choose their field of choice as soon as they apply for admission to the school. The first year of the B.Ed. programme is still largely common to all student teachers, but the distinction becomes even greater in the second year of study.
In the third year of study, students in preschool schools expand their specialisation with electives.
The programme is designed to include knowledge of Icelandic so that you can learn the relevant vocabulary to be able to discuss educational issues in Icelandic.
You can view the organisation of the programme further down the page and in Ugla, the university's teaching website.
The goal of the programme is to provide students with a comprehensive insight into teacher education.
Studying for a BEd degree does not provide specific professional qualifications, but it is an important preparation for further study aiming at a teaching qualification. The BEd degree is useful in jobs within the education system and in the general labour market.
The programme provides access to studies in education leading to to the MEd or MT degree and to studies in educational science as a preparation for the MA degree or diploma. Please note that an MEd or MT degree is required to obtain a teaching licence.
The skills in Icelandic acquired during the programme will enable you to improve your chances of finding adequate employment in the labour market.
Social life is an important part of university education and the social life of students at HA is lively and robust.
All students at the university are members of the Student Association of the University of Akureyri (SHA), but each department also has its own student organization. Kumpáni is an association of social science students; you may wish to consult Facebook for further details on this.
The general requirement is that applicants have completed a matriculation examination or equivalent, a final examination from a secondary school at the third qualification level, an equivalent foreign examination or 60 ECTS credits from a recognized university – or, alternatively, other academic prerequisites the Faculty of Social Sciences deems satisfactory.
All applicants must also pass a special entrance examination in Icelandic on June 12th at 13:00. The Icelandic test can be taken at test centres located around Iceland (at the cost of 4000 ISK), at the University of Akureyri or the University of Iceland. Proficiency in basic Icelandic is assessed through reading comprehension and listening skills. Here you can find sample examination tasks:
All applicants whose native language is not English, are required to provide proof of English proficiency. The minimum score for English proficiency is TOEFL 79, IELTS 6.5 or PTE academic 58.
We would like to point out that if the number of applicants who meet the general admission requirements exceeds the number criteria, applications will be prioritised as follows:
Applicants will then be ranked according to the sum of these factors and admitted in that order.
Applications that do not meet the general admission requirements are evaluated independently. It is important, therefore, that applicants submit a letter of introduction together with information relating to previous studies.
All undergraduate programmes at the Faculty of Social Sciences of the University of Akureyri are flexible; that is, the department takes equal care of both those students who want to study in real time and be part of the university community, and those who prefer more pliable arrangements. All students adhere to the same curriculum and performance requirements.
However, you have to keep in mind that the Icelandic course will be taught online but in real time, and therefore requires your presence online while the lectures are being delivered.
Students who attend in real time on site or via interactive teleconferencing equipment can participate in teacher-student discussions in the classroom. In individual courses, all students participate in presentations and discussions in real time. Most traditional lectures are recorded and posted on a teaching website. Thus, you can watch lectures when it suits you and as often as you wish.
All distance learning students visit Akureyri several times throughout the school year for short study periods where the main focus is on project work and discussions. Here, you will have the opportunity to meet teachers, fellow students and other university staff and connect even better with your university community.
All students have the option to take part of their studies at a foreign partner university. You will receive a waiver of the tuition fees of the guest school and pay only the enrolment fee in HA. An international representative assists you in applying for the program, accommodation and student grant.
Applications are submitted electronically our online application portal, with an electronic ID and will be open from beginning of March until June 5th.
The undergraduate study in preschool education is a fun and diverse course, which prepared me well for further education and my job as a teacher. The course is personal, as you get to know teachers and fellow students well. The flexibility of the course is an important advantage, which was useful for me in the course itself and especially after I started working as a teacher alongside my studies.
The course aims to prepare students whose mother tongue is not Icelandic to participate in the course Research Methods in the Humanities and Social Sciences, which is taught in Icelandic. Emphasis is on students acquiring the vocabulary they need to learn about basic research methods, research formats, data collection methods, samples, and other methodological concepts. In addition, the goal of the course is to provide students with the opportunity to improve their vocabulary and skills in Icelandic in general. The course is also intended for those who want to strengthen their skills in using Icelandic in academic situations, especially in the humanities and social sciences.
In this course, the main focus is on reading and writing skills. Students build their vocabulary and practice their reading comprehension by reading a selection of newspaper articles, literary texts and academic papers. A set of language usage and grammar elements will be covered. Syntax, style, register and text structure will be considered. The aforementioned elements will be practiced in writing assignments during class and as homework.
Active participation and preparation on the part of the student is required.
The emphasis is on listening comprehension, pronunciation and speaking exercises. The Icelandic sound system is introduced and practiced as well as pronunciation stress and intonation. Comprehension of spoken language is trained with listening and conversation exercises. Students will practice speaking about their daily life and give short presentations on familiar topics. The course is taught alongside Reading and language usage I and material and vocabulary from that course will also be used. Active participation and preparation on the part of the student is required.
The course will examine the basics of research methodology in the humanities and social sciences. At the end of the course, students should be able to explain the main research methods, research formats, data collection methods, sampling and other methodology concepts. The strengths and limitations of different approaches in the humanities and social sciences are discussed, taking into account the various goals of the research. Part of the teaching takes place so that visiting and current teachers present their research to students. The emphasis of these sessions is research methodologies.
The course focuses on ideas, methods and concepts related to learning and teaching in preschools and primary schools and puts it in context with teaching in the field.
Students go on field visits to schools where they get the opportunity to connect theories to the actual practice in schools and use their experience to formulate their own teaching theory. Students create a research-related portfolio where they keep track of their own learning and reflections related to field visits as well as the course reading material. The learning ideas and concepts relate to the focus of the National Curricula and Education for All as well as how teachers can meet the diversity of students.
This course is a direct continuation of Reading and language usage I. The main focus will be on continuing to build vocabulary by reading and writing. Participants will read a selection of newspaper articles, literary texts and academic papers connected to their studies. Those texts will also be used to practice language usage, vocabulary and grammar. Syntax, style, register and text structure will be considered. The composition of formal texts will be trained. Active participation and preparation on the part of the student is required.
The Practical Skills in Humanities and Social Sciences course is designed to equip students with the essential skills and knowledge necessary to excel in their academic pursuits. It focuses on enhancing students' academic writing abilities, cultivating critical thinking skills, and promoting ethical conduct and integrity in academic work. Great emphasis is placed on how to structure and write essays, reports and articles and on scholarly writing practices in general.
Course Objectives:
This course is a direct continuation of Speaking and listening I. The emphasis is on listening comprehension, pronunciation and speaking exercises. Phonetics, pronunciation, stress and intonation will be exercised further. Students receive training in speech comprehension and the recognition of certain phonetic elements. Furthermore, students will practice discussing familiar topics and expressing their opinions thereof, for instance by delivering talks on specific subjects. The course is taught alongside Reading and language usage II and material and vocabulary from that course will also be used. Active participation and preparation on the part of the student is required.
In this course, students are trained in using the Icelandic language as an academic tool. For this purpose, dictionaries and other reference books are introduced. The main characteristics of formal and/or academic writing will be presented, with special emphasis on various problematic areas of language use. Furthermore, emphasis will be placed on training students in the writing of longer academic works. Finally, Icelandic language policy will be discussed with special attention given to how it appears in the educational system.
The subjects of the course focus on preschool and the work of the preschool teacher. The course covers the ideology of preschool, trends in modern preschool studies and their influence on attitudes concerning children and practices in preschools. The teaching also focuses on laws, regulations and the national curriculum for preschools. Teachers’ areas of responsibility are discussed with emphasis on the fundamental pillars of education, preschool fields of study, integrated school work and how children learn. Students learn about the work environment of the preschool teacher and attention is given to various personal, situational and professional factors that form the basis of the work. The concept of professionalism is examined with a focus on, for example, reflection, cooperation, professional responsibility, commitment and ethical guidelines as important prerequisites for success. The course includes a two-day field visit where students become familiar with selected aspects of educational work.
The course deals with selected aspects of Icelandic history, including coverage of the origins of modern Icelandic society, emphasising trends in pedagogy and the development of educational institutions. The topics discussed include the settlement of Iceland and the origins of the Icelandic nation, daily life and culture of the subsistence society, relations between Iceland and other countries from medieval times until the present, the role of the church in the education of the nation, attempts to control societal development in times of religious fervor and enlightenment, the structure of the Icelandic educational system in an international context, the development of teacher education and the transformation of society as a result of the industrial revolution and democracy.
In this course, students study and work with various types of art forms and design, such as visual arts, music and drama. Emphasis is placed on students acquiring knowledge of various art forms and receiving training in using them in creative work with children and teenagers. Students learn methods to increase their understanding of arts in their own cultural environment and are trained in analysing their role, meaning and significance. Furthermore, the course provides students with an opportunity to enhance their own creativity through active participation in workshops, in connection with which they are introduced to theories on the value of artistic upbringing as a part of the education of children and teenagers.
This course is for students who have finished Reading and language usage I and II as well as Speaking and listening I and II. Students receive training in the four main skills; reading, writing, listening and speaking. Different registers of speech and text will be introduced. Students will read and listen to a selection of texts to build their academic vocabulary and practice the vocabulary by writing short essays and giving presentations. Active participation and preparation on the part of the student is required.
The subject of the course is science with a special focus on natural science and mathematics. Natural science as a part of the defined fundamental pillars of education is discussed, and the nature, history and methods of natural science teaching are examined. Emphasis is placed on strengthening students’ understanding of environmental issues, sustainability and ecosystems through diverse natural science subjects. In mathematics, students are given an historical overview, and the foundations of mathematics, such as different number systems and geometry, are discussed. There will be a special focus on the uniqueness of practical teaching in physical science, and basic elements such as sustainability, scientific literacy and creation will be discussed.
The course focuses on the subjects of education and work with children and youngsters in light of the technological developments of the present day. The discussion includes the effects of the internet, social media and smart technology on the daily life and learning of children and youngsters and the learning and working environment of those who wish to educate themselves to work with this age group. There is a focus on the effects of present-day technological developments on goals and subjects which are included in Icelandic educational policy and are reflected in the defined fundamental pillars of education at each time. The subjects dealt with in the course furthermore have the aim of making students aware of ethical aspects and guidelines that must be kept in mind when using the possibilities of the internet, social media and smart technology. In connection with this, the focus is, for example, on online bullying and its manifestations. Emphasis is placed on students using analytical and critical thinking as a guiding principle when working with course subjects and on students presenting ideas on how to use technology for knowledge acquisition, creation, expression, dissemination, cooperation and evaluation of learning.
The course covers the main concepts, theories, methods and tasks of general ethics. The historical background of ethics is examined and an overview provided of the history of ideas about human beings and reality. The points are discussed in connection with education, development, learning, teaching and school attendance.
The course focuses on the developmental phases of children and youngsters in terms of physical, intellectual, language, social and emotional development. Changes relating to physical, cognitive and social development from childhood to adolescence are discussed. Emphasis is placed on nature and nurture as factors that influence growth and development of children and youngsters, including family, friends, school, work and media. In terms of protective and risk factors, the focus is also on disorders that may arise at different age levels of students. The course covers the importance of taking into account development and individual needs when organising work with children and youngsters and attention is given to factors relating to responsibility of parents, teachers and others who work with children and youngsters on their development and future.
The course covers the historical background of play and ideas and attitudes relating to it. The main theories on play and development of play are examined with emphasis on the importance of play as a way for children to learn and develop. Manifestations of play and types of play are covered, as well as theories on the effects of play on children’s development. The subject of the course is furthermore how play reflects the experiences of children, the culture and society that they live in. Attention is given to the importance of friendship in play and play development and how communication can be both positive and negative (bullying). Students will work on practical assignments in field work.
This course is a direct continuation of Academic Icelandic I. Students will continue practicing their reading, writing, listening and speaking skills with the aim of being able to participate in an Icelandic academic setting. Students will work on various assignments concerning their studies at the University of Akureyri. Emphasis will be placed on the students’ ability to pursue their Icelandic studies in an autonomous manner. Active participation and preparation on the part of the student is required.
The course deals with the main concepts and methods of local studies so that students can intertwine local studies with teaching of all ages and subjects. Among important elements are Icelandic nature and flora and fauna, outdoor education and regional culture, museum teaching, maps and cartography. In the course, students work on diverse assignments, for example, in the field.
The course deals with the language and literacy of preschool children. Emphasis is placed on the connections between these factors and the main foundations of successful development of language and literacy. The discussion includes theories on language acquisition, research into language development, development of language and literacy among children 0-6 years old and bilingualism. Emergent literacy is explained in detail; phonological awareness, letter knowledge and the development of writing and understanding.
Emphasis is placed on children’s literature and play and communication as means of learning in acquiring language and literacy. The importance of cooperation with parents is discussed in relation to language stimulation, and methods of assessment are introduced. Students will work on projects in the field where they sit in on classes and administer assignments related to language and literacy.
The course provides students with insight into the concept of curriculum and development of ideas about curricula in an historical context. Various concepts relating to goal setting for learning and teaching will be analysed in detail and the main concepts concerning teaching methods and assessment will be introduced. In connection with this, attention will, for example, be given to the defined fundamental pillars of education and their role as a guiding theme in planning for learning and teaching. Emphasis will be placed on discussion about the value and importance of professional work methods in planning and on training students in adopting such work methods. Students work on various assignments connected to the above-mentioned factors, including an assignment related to a two-day field visit to a school.
The subject of this course is the connection between natural sciences, mathematics and creativity in early childhood (STEAM). The use of different affordances (for example unit blocks) in relationship to the environment and how to promote and strengthen the mathematical as well as the creative side of the curriculum is presented. Theories of young children’s mathematical development are introduced. Concepts from the physics and their use in early childhood education are presented. Attention is given to the possibilities of recycled materials. The connections between technology and creativity are studied and how it is possible to use the computer as a creative tool. Students will carry out a field project during the course.
Students will visit schools and become acquainted with their activities. The week of teaching practice is linked with certain courses in the autumn semester.
In this course, students get the opportunity for community studies in a field related to one or more courses of the B.Ed. program. This internship differs from a traditional internship in that instead of the student receiving formal training at schools as in other internships at the Faculty of Education, the course involves students contributing to society with the aim of gaining increased social responsibility and skills and an insight into the lives and experiences of refugees and immigrants. The course consists of voluntary work at the Red Cross supporting refugees and immigrants in line with the needs that exist. This can include language training, socializing, support with education, psychological support and information, to name just a few. All volunteers are given education about the issues and conditions of refugees and how to approach the job. All volunteers are also trained in psychological support.
The course subject is cooperation between preschools and parents. Research, methods and development projects on diverse ways of cooperation are introduced, for example, in regard to when issues arise related to development, learning, wellbeing or behaviour inside and outside the school. Emphasis is placed on information dissemination, organisation and management of interviews with parents, as well as methods for active listening. The discussion includes ideology and research behind the adaptation of children and their families to preschool, for example, in light of theories but also in light of other practical aspects, such as organisation and preparation. Finally, the course deals with the subject of cooperation between preschools and primary schools with emphasis on children’s advancement from one educational level to the next.
In the course students enhance their knowledge of creative work with young children, the creative process, expression and the learning that takes place when young children's ideas, emotions and imagination are allowed to flow freely. Students are trained in creative work with children in relation to visual arts, music, dance and drama, and also learn how to link creative work with a broad range of fields, such as sustainability, culture, technology and science. Furthermore, emphasis is placed on students familiarising themselves with the main theories pertaining to the value of children's artistic upbringing.
Students will visit schools and become acquainted with their activities. The week of teaching practice is linked with certain courses in the spring semester.
The course subject is childhood as a distinct phase, with emphasis on a comprehensive overview of children and issues concerning children. Childhood is discussed in an historical context and from a modern point of view. It is explained how different disciplines have through the years turned their focus on children and shaped attitudes and views on children in society. Childhood is examined in light of different cultures, democracy and human rights (conventions on the rights of the child) on the basis of ideas about what is common to humans and what is related to culture. The course uses contemporary coverage on child issues in the media and popular culture but also in policies and laws.
The course deals with children’s literature in an historical perspective; the origin and development of children’s literature and research on this literature. Themes and categories of children’s literature will be discussed as well as analyses with concepts like narrative, perspective, and characters in mind. Finally, the use of children’s literature in education will be discussed from several points of view, as well as how children can be encouraged to read.
The course is intended to provide students with insight into the teaching of natural sciences and mathematics in the lower levels of primary school and the latter years of preschool. The subject matter is in accordance with the national curricula for primary school and preschool. The context between teaching and theories on natural science and mathematics learning will be examined, and teaching methods and learning circumstances of young pupils will be discussed. Students will be introduced to different types of experiments and will have the opportunity to plan and present such teaching to their fellow students. Students will carry out a field project during the course.
In this course, students get the opportunity for community studies in a field related to one or more courses of the B.Ed. program. This internship differs from a traditional internship in that instead of the student receiving formal training at schools as in other internships at the Faculty of Education, the course involves students contributing to society with the aim of gaining increased social responsibility and skills and an insight into the lives and experiences of refugees and immigrants. The course consists of voluntary work at the Red Cross supporting refugees and immigrants in line with the needs that exist. This can include language training, socializing, support with education, psychological support and information, to name just a few. All volunteers are given education about the issues and conditions of refugees and how to approach the job. All volunteers are also trained in psychological support.
In this course, students get the opportunity for community studies in a field related to one or more courses of the B.Ed. program. This internship differs from a traditional internship in that instead of the student receiving formal training at schools as in other internships at the Faculty of Education, the course involves students contributing to society with the aim of gaining increased social responsibility and skills and an insight into the lives and experiences of refugees and immigrants. The course consists of voluntary work at the Red Cross supporting refugees and immigrants in line with the needs that exist. This can include language training, socializing, support with education, psychological support and information, to name just a few. All volunteers are given education about the issues and conditions of refugees and how to approach the job. All volunteers are also trained in psychological support.
The course places emphasis on play as a method for teaching; what this consists in and how it is possible to utilise and encourage play in everyday preschool work. Day organisation is discussed with play as a guiding principle, as well as organisation and effects of a play environment on the play and learning of children. The play and learning environment of children is examined in light of the national curriculum and developmental factors with emphasis on cognitive development and social development but also in light of children’s age and social factors, such as gender. The role of teachers is examined, in addition to how choice of material and teaching materials influences the learning environment. The primary strategies and methods of preschools are discussed. Analytic work concerning play is carried out through registration and evaluation.
The three pillars of sustainable developmenteconomy, environment, society—form the base of the course. Official domestic and international policy are introduced, including the policy of the United Nations and other international organisations. Special emphasis is placed on the connections between people on the one hand and nature and environment on the other and how it is possible to develop the competence of children to have an impact on their environment and society with future prospects in mind. The guiding light is creativity and preschool educational approaches. Ways for teachers to reflect on their practices are discussed. Special emphasis is placed on how various materials can be reused.
The course deals with expression in a wide sense. Pronunciation and elocution will be discussed as well as the biology of the voice, voice technique and how teachers can protect their voice. The students will be given the opportunity to enhance their own sensitivity, imagination and creativity by increasing their skills of interpretation and expression. The expressive and artistic possibilities of the human voice and body are discussed. The course is intended to release students’ creative powers and increase their capacity for creative expression and initiative.
The course deals with teaching of natural science in primary schools with special focus on mid- and upper levels. It covers the main aspects and subjects of teaching natural science. The discussion includes fundamental concepts such as water, air, the periodic table, chemical reactions, forces, movement, energy, electricity, evolution, heredity and the human body. Emphasis is placed on learning both disciplined scientific procedurs and subjects that are relevant to students intending to enter the teaching profession, in accordance with the primary school national curriculum for natural science. Various, sucessful teaching methods will be discussed. The national curriculum is introduced and students will work on practical assignments during field work.
The course focuses on providing students with a foundation for using IT in the teaching of visual arts. Basic aspects of the common part of the national curriculum are worked with; creation but also specific aspects of literacy (picture literacy, information and technical literacy), and how these can be used in educational work. The subjects of the course relate to learning environment and project preparation for teaching. Various programs for preparing still pictures as well as moving pictures are used, the possibilities of smart technology (such as phones or tablets) are introduced and the integration of smart technology to visual arts and creative educational work is considered. Teaching and subjects are individual-based and tied to students’ specialisation.
The main subjects of the course pertain to music and music pedagogy. On the one hand, the course deals with academic theories on children’s musical development and methods and material that can be used to strengthen children’s musical skills at different ages, and on the other hand, subjects which are meant to increase the musical abilities of students in the course and stimulate creative thinking and personal expression through music. Trends and developments in music pedagogy are discussed. Attention is given to various musical forms, materials and equipment, especially though “classroom instruments” and the voice, with the purpose of examining their qualities and potential for creating and performing music.
In the course students work in an early educational setting or in a primary school with the mentoring teacher one day per week, 5–6 hours at a time, for a period of 10 weeks. The field work focuses mainly on connecting theory and practice, work and communication in the teaching space, the child/pupil as an individual, planning and success measures. The course is a mix of assistance teaching and teaching practice. At the start of the course, the student submits to UNAK a communication plan on the field work that the student has prepared with his/her school adviser. The students also have to work on other assignments as the supervisor requires.
The emphasis will be on leadership in relation to preschool teachers, their responsibilities in creating mutual trust and a secure environment. Work environment, organisation of activities and interactions will be discussed, as well as communication, conflict management and decision making, teamwork and work satisfaction. Leadership theories, the weight of changes on organisations, culture in schools and issues concerning the law, regulations and ethical policy will be discussed.
A scientific thesis which concludes the first degree at the department of education. The thesis should discuss a topic related to the student´s elective field and it is written under the supervision of a faculty member. The thesis should be of theoretical as well as practical value. It is emphasized that the student increases his/her knowledge and understanding of the chosen topic at the same time as s/he is trained in standard techniques and methods for presenting his knowledge and understanding.
The course deals with Icelandic written language and creative thinking. Students are trained in writing different styles of text, for example, stories, poems and practical texts. Subjects related to prose and poetry are discussed, including choice of topic, point of view, structure, prosody and style. The course is based on practical exercises and active participation. Students receive training in writing, recital, textual criticism and mentoring where peer review is an important part of the course.
In this course, students get the opportunity for community studies in a field related to one or more courses of the B.Ed. program. This internship differs from a traditional internship in that instead of the student receiving formal training at schools as in other internships at the Faculty of Education, the course involves students contributing to society with the aim of gaining increased social responsibility and skills and an insight into the lives and experiences of refugees and immigrants. The course consists of voluntary work at the Red Cross supporting refugees and immigrants in line with the needs that exist. This can include language training, socializing, support with education, psychological support and information, to name just a few. All volunteers are given education about the issues and conditions of refugees and how to approach the job. All volunteers are also trained in psychological support.
Geography and history are closely related subjects. Geography deals with space and history with time. The course covers chosen parts of modern history and important aspects of the interaction between man and nature, as well as various fundamentals of the human geography of the same era. There are clear connections to the learning objectives and learning materials for middle and lower secondary school.
The course deals in a theoretical and practical way with observations in preschools, e.g. field observations, incident records, diaries and checklists. Emphasis is placed on observations of children and children’s group play, children's interests and comprehensive development, such as social development and social awareness, emotional development, physical and motor development, language development and literacy, cognitive development, moral development and moral awareness, aesthetics development and creativity. Also, on how observations can be used to develop a stimulating learning environment.
The purpose of observations is examined, as are the ethical issues related to observations and children, and techniques for conducting observations, e.g. methods for data collection, analysis of data and how to organize data in project folders and / or portfolios.
Three main holistic methods for the purposeful collection of observations are presented; Pedagogical documentation, Learning stories and the Mosaic approach, and how they can be used as a way of early intervention and assessment with an emphasis on children's participation.